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The Tribal Groups of Europe Clickable terms are red on the yellow background |
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Ancient European tribes (from
P. Bělíček:
The Analytic Survey of European Anthropology, Prague 2018, Map 8, p.
47) |
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The Racial Distribution of
European Populations |
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The Transparenztheorie
Account of Indo-European Tribes and Languages (from P. Bělíček: The Analytic
Survey of European Anthropology, Prague 2018, Map 5, p. 29) |
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The Traditional Taxa of European Racial Groups
Before revisiting modern racial concepts
in the light of population genetics, it is obligatory to supply a
recapitulative survey of traditional terms as they prevail in current usage. Some
categorial taxa that look inappropriate are denoted by the mark † as
candidates for deletion. Cro-Magnids (40,000 BP) are traditionally identified with the Homo sapiens
sapiens progenitor, who was considered as ancestral to European
Nordids. Some of their finds at Nordids, Nordics, Teutonordids1, Corded Nordics2: common terms for Gotho-Frisian
tribes manu-facturing the Corded Ware pottery. Their concept is based on
geographical reference and ought to be narrowed by a new ethnonymic label
‘Gothids’. Europids,
Danubian Nordics, Corded Nordics: common terms for the farming tribes of the
Neolithic Linear Ware with the Y-haplogroup I2. Their suitability is menaced
by the Semitic ethnonymic roots Europ-, Eburon-, Iber-, Hebr- and Afric-
characteristic of the Magdalenian hunters with the Y-hg R1b. Atlanto Mediterranids: strongly dolichocephalic straight-nosed
types of Mediterranids common in the northern Littoralids: a useful term3
applicable to the Campignian culture (10,000 BC) of beachcombers and
shell-gatherers. They were a depigmented light-skinned dolichocephalous
variety that left heaps of shell midden on seaside sand-dunes. These
Campignian dumps of shellfish waste were excavated in Bronze Age
Europe was ruled by the unknown race of tall brachycephalous megalith-builders
with convex aquiline noses, negative Rhesus factor the Y-haplogroup Q. Owing
to its archaic antiquity from the times of Aterian expansion (c. 30,000 BC),
their settlements are scattered, depleted and degenerate. They evolved from
the Palaeolithic hunters of big mammals, who exterminated original megafauna
on all continents. European folktales called them ‘ogres’ and ‘ogresses’,
while Marija Gimbutas
gave them the nickname of ‘ †Dinarids, †Adriatids:
two terms that fail to convey clear ethnic content. Their etymology is
derived from the Baskids (J. Deniker’s Atlanto-Mediterranean, C.
S. Coon’s Pirenaic race: a dinariform variety of the Spanish Pyrenees
remarkable for Basques exhibiting brachycephaly, taller stature and hooked
nose. Their hair colour varies from black to red and blond hair and
associates them with Berber Aterians. Armenid (J.
Czekanowski’s Armenoid2): an
inappropriate term for Caucasian hook-nosed varieties because Caucasians and
Armenians represent a dense mixture of diverse nationalities. The real
bearers of their racial features were the Abkhaz, Scythians, Brünn type (Coon 1939): a brachycephalic
subrace, whose term is derived from Norids:
a frequent term for dinariform features detected in the Hallstatt Nordics:
C. S. Coon’s term for the racial group of Hallstatt colonists in Another
circle of misunderstandings is entangled with the so-called Mediterranean
race. It refers mostly to descendants of Palaeolithic and Mesolithic nomadic
fishermen accustomed to fishing along the banks and shores of waterside
areas. Their industry developed either from the Leptolithic culture of
Levalloisian and Aurignacian prismatic knives or from the Microlithic
cultures of Magdalenian and Maglemosian stamp. The former belonged to the
ethnic family of Pelasgo-Tungids, who specialised to the lake-dwelling
ecosystem and ichthyophagous nutrition. They exhibited slim and slender
stature with mesocephalous skulls. Their appearance differed from other races
by inclination to leptomorphous phenotypes. Their characteristic implied leptorrhinia
(narrow noses), leptoprosopy (high-headed and long
narrow faces) and also the typical Aurignacian industry of long leptolithic
knives. The latter group was formed by their remote relatives of the Turcoid
or Turanid stock. They were noticeable for small microliths, triangular and
trapezoid flakes inlaid in bones or wooden shafts used as throwing knives or
cutting sabres. They should be reclassified as
Tungids and Turanids. Mediterranids: a vague term
that does not distinguish two different prehistoric races of nomadic
fishermen and reindeer hunters with osteoceratic cultures: Euro-Tungids
(Leptolithic industry) of Aurignacian origin and Euro-Turanids (Microlithic
industry) of Magdalenian provenience. Tungids:
depleted and rarefied remnants of Aurignacian and Levalloisian fishermen with
lacustrine pile-dwellings. They were descendants of the Cardial Ware and
cultures of conic roundhouses spanning from Turanids: a broad term
that does not distinguish the earlier colonisation of Magdalenians (17,000
BC) with the Y-haplogroup R1b and the later arrival of Maglemosians (12,000 BC)
with the Y-haplogroup R1a. The former produced burnished pottery and tended
to cut artificial rock-hewn caves, galleries and shafts. The latter were bog
people, who made pointed-base pottery with fir-tree patterns. Teutonids
(Ripley’s Teutonic race1):
Boreal Germanic nations can be defined as Gothids, who were Cimbrisised by
Maglemosian Teutonids (Y-hg R1a) in the north. Meridional Germanic nations are formed by Danubian Europids, who were
Cimbricised by Magdalenian Teutonids (R1b) in the south. The greatest
error of Indo-German philology consists in the inability to discern the true
Indo-Europeans in the Gotho-Frisian tribes and the false Indo-Europeans in
the Cimbric, Teutonic and Germanic tribes, who colonised northwestern Dalo-Falid, also
Phalian, Eickstedt’s Dalo-Nordide2, Günther’s Fälisch3, Lundman’s
Faelide4 or his Västmanland
type5: alternative
catchwords for inhabitants of Pfalz and Westfalen. The alternative synonym of
Dalisch or Dalo-Nordide race was coined in 1924 by Fritz Paudler6 on
the ground of the Swedish toponym Dalarna. Higher depigmentation in its
appearance goes with conspicuously gracile or graciliced countenance and narrow-faced leptoprosopy. Probably one of Epi-Aurignacian colonies
affiliated to Volga Bulgars. Possible alternatives include terms such as Teuto-Tungids. Gracile Mediterranids or also Ibero-Insular types: a racial
variety notable for shorter or medium stature, gracile look and skeleton and
small mesomorphous skull. Their distribution is densest in Tronder type: Trøndertype, Swedish Tröndertyp, Lundman’s North Germanic mesocephal: various terms
denoting remainders of Mesolithic Microlithic cultures along the western
coasts of These traditional terms sound like
provisional geonyms that owe their usage to lack of convenient ethnic
catchwords. They fail to suggest clear correspondences to ethnic, dialectal
and cultural regions. The
Nordic and Danubian Gothids as the Core of Indo-Europeans
Traditional concepts of European tribes insist on a
sort of holistic isolationism that identifies tribes with nations cast like ingots
in the mould of medieval monarchies. A more sophisticated view divides
Gothids into phratries (Jutes, Frisians, Angles, Saxons) denoted as
Endo-Gothids, and lineages of migration streams designated as Syn-Gothids.
Streams jut out of the cradleland of the tribal diaspora like tentacles of an
octopus or branches of a genealogic tree growing out of one trunk. The entire
genealogic tree might be referred to as a union of Pan-Gothids (Table 11). The common
Gothonic starting-point may be found in the farmers of the Danubian Linear
Ware (5500–4500 BC), who seem to have coincided with the Y-DNA haplogroup
I2-M423 in
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The Classification of Non-Indo-European Races in
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Mediterranids → Euro-Turanids + Euro-Tungids (Aurignacians) +
Euro-Pelasgids (Cardial Impresso) Euro-Turanids (Mesolithic microlithic flake-tool
cultures of Turcoid descent) → boreal
Turanids (Maglemosians) + meridional
Turanids (Magdalenians) |
Magdalenians → Iberids (rockcut-dwellers, reindeer hunters,
burnished ware, Y-hg R1b, 17,000 BP) Iberids → Iberians + Eburones + Kimbern
+ Cambrians + Hibernids Madgalenians → Azilians (rock art, imprints of phalanges,
hepatomancy, 14,000 BP) > Cantabrians Kimbern → Hamburgian complex (15,500 BP) > Ahrensburgian culture
(12,900 BP) Ahrensburgian culture
→ Ertebølle culture (ca 5300 BC) > Kimbern
(Himmerland) + Trønderids Trønderids →
Komsa culture in western Cambrians → Creswellians (Y-hg R1b, 13,000 BP, British Eburones → Seine-Oise-Marne group (> Eburones, 3100 BC, rock-cut gallery tombs) Hibernids → Fomoire (Irish cliff-dwellers) + Hiberni,
inhabitants of rock shelters in Ahrensburgian →
Tardenoisians (Y-hg R-U152, 8,000 BC) Tardenoisians
→ Tyrrhenes (> Etruscans) +
Siculi (> Sicilians) |
Dnieper-Donets
culture, Y-hg R1a → Swiderians
(11,000 BC) → Silesians Maglemosians → Cimbrids (bog people, fishers, pointed-base
pottery, Y-hg R1a, 9,000 BC) Cimbrids
→ Cimbrians + Teutons + Germans |
Table 16. The genealogic branching of
Microlithic Euro-Turanids
Extract from Pavel Bělíček: The
Analytic Survey of European Anthropology, Prague 2018, pp. 7-16.
Euro-Turanic Mediterranids: Cimbrids, Iberids and Iberian
Euro-Lappids
Gaelids
from Mauretanian Avalon, the Deverel-Rimbury culture of incinerators with
urns, 1600 BC
Alpinids/Gallids
of Epigravettian origin (33,000 BC), arrival from Anatolian, Levant and the
Somali Galla)
Scando-Lappids,
Lapplanders, Uralised Tardigravettians
Samoyeds
(Enets, Nenets, Selkup), Uralised Sinids from the Altai Mountains
Albanids,
Tsakonians and Laconians (probably from Libya)
Hellenes,
Ionians (<*Alviones), Aiolians (<*Alvioles),
Colchians
with face urns and hut urns, from Caucasian Albania and the Trialetti culture
(3000 BC),
a westward
offshoot of Indids (Hindoo Lappids) with cremation burials,
Slavids (from
Lusatian culture on the Elbe, 1300 BC)
Eastern Slavids (from Ants,
the Androvo cremation culture 1500) BC and Cemetery H culture (1800 BC)
Perigordian microblade culture (33,000 BC) of cave-dwelling
fishers and hunters of reindeer with throwing knives and clubs
Magdalenian Turanids (17,000 BC), who lived as cave.dwellers, hunted
reindeer and produced Microlithic flakes
Irish Hiberni and Hebrideans, cave-dwelling hunters and
cliff-dwelling raiders (Fomoire)
Etruscan pirates, Sicilian Siculi and Sicani
Cimbrids - Maglemosian Turanids (9,000 BC), bog people with
Microlithic flake-tool weapons and pointed-base pottery
Phoenician Punoids
(Phoenicians sailors and Carthaginians, 800 BC)
Iberian Tartessians and Turdulli
Euro-Pelasgic
Mediterranids: Euro-Tungids and Euro-Pelasgids
Giant
Ugro-Scythids
archaic dispersed remains
of Levalloisian flake-tools (95,000 BC) and Y-haplotype T
Pelasgids, Danaids and
Palestinians with columnal architecture
Epi-Cardial Pelasgoids,
waterside fishermen with roundhouses (Y-haplotype T)
Aurignacian Tungids (38,000 BC), eastern fishermen with tepee tents and Y-haplotype C
Pontids, flat-faced slender fishermen, ochre pit-grave
culture Yamnaya
Polanids, East European ochre cultures in the
Ladogans, lacustrine fishermen with the Y-haplotype C
Karelids, lake-dwellers with remains of tepee tents in
A-shaped houses and houses with slanting roofs and gables with crossed wooden
logs
dispersed archaic groups of
Epi-Mousterian survivors settled in original seats as Epi-Solutreans,
Epi-Szeletians and Epi-Aterians. Some groups may have continued traditions of
Epi-Clactonians, Epi-Tayacians and Epi-Tabuninians who specialised in
big-game hunting.
Baskids, tall brachycephalous and mesocephalous types with
convex hooked noses; carriers of Bronze Age Megalithic; their forbears may be
Solutrean horse hunters with leaf-shaped lanceheads
Pictones, probable progeny of ogres, Ugroid
megalith-builders and Solutreans in France
Berberids, carriers of Bronze Age megalithic cultures (3000
BC) developing traditions of Aterians
Scandids, Nordic megalith-builders recruited from
Scandinavian leaf-shaped points and partly also from Varangians drinting to
Norway from Kola Peninsula
Scottids, British cairn- and broch- builders, who built
cupolar molehill subterranean lodges and were relatedto Orcadians in the
Orkneys
Dinarids, tall robust stature with brachycephalous and
platycephalous skulls and narrow convex aquiline noses; probable descent from
Epi-Szeletian big-game hunters and mammoth slaughterers, theoretically they may survive in Moesians
and Hügelgräberkultur
(1600 BC) of Bronze Age tumuli graves in the Balkans, South Bohemia
and South Germany
Abkhazids, descendants of the Maikop megalithic kurgan
culture
Scythids, Iranised Ugrids with mummification rites and
kurgan graves
Baltic Megalithic, Bronze
Ages cultures of megalith-cultures in the northeast of Europe
Euro-Gothids, Euro-Nordids
Campignians, precursors of Gotho-Frisian Littoralids with
shell-midden dumps, 10,000 BC
Scando-Gothids with admixtures of Scandids and graves of long barrow
with long skulls
Campagniform Bell-Beaker-Folk descending from Portugal Mugem culture,
9,000 BC
Macrolithic Pre-Europid Littoralids with cord-marked ware migrating to
the Urals, 12,000 BC Cordeds, Corded Ware cultures with boat-shaped axes (Bootäxte,
2900 BC), Y-haplotype I1
tall Nordic dolichocephalic types with long skulls, narrow noses and
broad chins, blonde hair, light blue eyes and light whitish skin; they live
in collective longhouses
Prussians, Yotvingians, Udmurts, Permyaks and Khitans with cord-marked
wares
Coon’s Cordeds, Corded Ware cultures with boat-shaped axes (Bootäxte,
2900 BC)
Anglo-Saxons, Juto-Frisians, who colonised
Quadian Europids, Quades and Langobards, the core of Linear Band
Ware agricultural tribes in the Neolithic, 5500 BC, possible descendants of
the Micoquian Macrolithic
Anatolian Macrolithic, Phrygians in Asia Minors as forbears of
Europids with Y-haplotype I2
Gothonids, Caucasoids and Elamitoids
Caucasoids, oriental robust
dolichocephals with long skulls and leptorrhine noses,
Elamitoids, oriental robust dolichocephal agriculturalists with
bullfighting, boukrania idols,
Uralids, Norids and
Sarmatids
Uralids are moose-hunters and horse-eaters (hippophagi)
in northern reagions of Russia and Siberia, their colomnisation became
visible in the Comb-Ware and Pitted Ware cultures, 6,000 BC
Sarmatids, horse hunters of the Sintashta culture south of
the Urals, who domesticated horses and learnt to breed them and graze their
herds of steppe grasslands
Norids, an expansion of Sarmatian Boii, Volcae
and Marharii to the Danube river basin
Hallstattians, a settlement of Sarmatoid Nordics to the Celtic
area in Austria and Switzerland
Aesir, and ofshoot of Hallstattian Norids in
southwest Norway
(Extract from P. Bělíček: The Analytic Survey of European Anthropology, Prague
2018, pp. 7-16.)
1 William
Z. Ripley: The Races of
2 Carleton S. Coon: The Races
of
3 J. Deniker defined Littoralids as a Armenoid-West-Mediterranean mixture of Atlanto-Mediterraneans of Littoral and Nord Occidental types and included also descendants of the Cardial Ware.
1 Maria Gimbutas: Proto-Indo-European Culture: The Kurgan Culture during the Fifth, Fourth, and Third Millennia B.C., Indo-European and Indo-Europeans. Papers Presented at the Third Indo-European Conference at the University of Pennsylvania, ed. George Cardona, Henry M. Hoenigswald & Alfred Senn. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1970, pp. 155–197.
2 Jan Czekanowski: Człowiek ve czasie i przestrzeni. Warsawa 1934, 2nd ed. 1967.
3 Tacitus, Germania 28; P. Velleius Paterculus 2, 109, 3.
4 The Nordic Race: Hallstatt and Keltic Iron Age Types. altervista.org.
1 William
Z. Ripley: The Races of
2 Egon von Eickstedt: Rassenkunde und Rassengeschichte der Menschheit. Stuttgart: Enke, 1934.
3 Hans F. K. Günther: Rassenkunde Europas. München 1929; Kleine Rassenkunde des deutschen Volkes, 1934.
4 Bertil J. Lundman: The Races and Peoples of Europe. New York : IAAEE, cop. 1977.
5 Bertil J. Lundman: The Racial History of Scandinavia: an Outline. New York: The International Association for the Advancement of Ethnology and Eugenics, (I.A.A.E.E.), 1963.
6 Fritz Paudler: Die hellfarbigen Rassen und ihre Sprachstämme, Kulturen und Urheimaten. Ein neues Bild vom heutigen und urzeitlichen Europa. Heidelberg, 1924.
3 C. Blake Whelan: Studies in the
Significance of the Irish Stone Age: The Campignian Question. Proceedings
of the Royal Irish Academy: Archaeology, Culture, History, Literature. Vol.
42 (1934/1935), pp. 121-143.
4 C. Schuchhardt: Das
technische Element in den Anfängen der Kunst. Prähist.
Zeits., I, 37.
1 The Chronicle of Novgorod,
1016-1471; The Chronicle of Duke Erik, Chapter 10-The founding of
Stockholm.
2 Östen Dahl (ed.): The Circum-Baltic
Languages: Typology and Contact, vol. 1, Amsterdam/Philadelphia:
John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2001; W. K. Matthews: Medieval Baltic Tribes. American Slavic
and East European Review, Vol. 8, No. 2, 1949, pp. 126-136; Livonian
Rhymed Chronicle. 6794–6800, 9095–9100.
3 Nestor’s Chronicle.
4 Alexandru V. Boldur: Istoria
Basarabiei. V. Frunza, 1992.